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Int Neurourol J > Volume 18(4); 2014 > Article
Cho, Lee, Kim, Seo, Choo, Kim, Choi, Song, Chun, and Oh: Effect of Combined Systematized Behavioral Modification Education Program With Desmopressin in Patients With Nocturia: A Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, and Parallel Study

ABSTRACT

Purpose

The aims of this study were to investigate the efficacy of combining the systematized behavioral modification program (SBMP) with desmopressin therapy and to compare this with desmopressin monotherapy in the treatment of nocturnal polyuria (NPU).

Methods

Patients were randomized at 8 centers to receive desmopressin monotherapy (group A) or combination therapy, comprising desmopressin and the SBMP (group B). Nocturia was defined as an average of 2 or more nightly voids. The primary endpoint was a change in the mean number of nocturnal voids from baseline during the 3-month treatment period. The secondary endpoints were changes in the bladder diary parameters and questionnaires scores, and improvements in self-perception for nocturia.

Results

A total of 200 patients were screened and 76 were excluded from the study, because they failed the screening process. A total of 124 patients were randomized to receive treatment, with group A comprising 68 patients and group B comprising 56 patients. The patients' characteristics were similar between the groups. Nocturnal voids showed a greater decline in group B (-1.5) compared with group A (-1.2), a difference that was not statistically significant. Significant differences were observed between groups A and B with respect to the NPU index (0.37 vs. 0.29, P=0.028), the change in the maximal bladder capacity (-41.3 mL vs. 13.3 mL, P<0.001), and the rate of patients lost to follow up (10.3% [7/68] vs. 0% [0/56], P=0.016). Self-perception for nocturia significantly improved in both groups.

Conclusions

Combination treatment did not have any additional benefits in relation to reducing nocturnal voids in patients with NPU; however, combination therapy is helpful because it increases the maximal bladder capacity and decreases the NPI. Furthermore, combination therapy increased the persistence of desmopressin in patients with NPU.

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    INTRODUCTION

    Nocturia severely affects a patient's quality of life (QoL) [ 1]. Nocturia is associated with many factors, including nocturnal polyuria (NPU), detrusor overactivity, excessive fluid intakes, alcohol or caffeine consumption in the evening, inappropriate sleep hygiene, and a shortage of daily exercise [ 2, 3, 4]. Medications such as desmopressin, alpha-blockers, or anticholinergic agents are usually recommended for patients with nocturia, and desmopressin is usually the first therapeutic choice. Behavioral therapy and medication are the initial treatment options for patients with overactive bladders [ 5]. Nocturia is one of several storage symptoms, and behavioral modification is considered the initial treatment option for patients with nocturia or NPU [ 2, 6]. However, no standardized protocol has been established for the treatment of patients with NPU.
    In a previous study, we demonstrated the efficacy of a systematized behavioral modification program (SBMP) in the absence of any medication [ 7]. We developed a 30-minute education program. In that study, we showed that education with 1 SBMP was sufficient for 78.5% of patients and that reinforcement education was helpful for an additional 7.6% of patients with NPU. However, this SBMP has not been widely used in routine clinical practice, and no well-designed investigations have been undertaken that have examined the efficacy of combination therapy that comprises desmopressin and the SBMP.
    The aims of the present study were to compare the efficacy of combination therapy, comprising desmopressin and the SBMP, with desmopressin monotherapy in patients with NPU, and to demonstrate the most important factors that determine improvements in the QoL of patients with NPU.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS

    Patients

    Eligible patients included males and females who were aged 20 years or more and who had nocturia and NPU. Nocturia was defined as an average of 2 or more nightly voids and was determined using a 3-day frequency-volume chart. NPU was defined as a nocturnal urine volume that was more than one-third of the total daily urine volume. Patients who were excluded from this study included those with diabetes insipidus, polydipsia with hyponatremia with a serum sodium level of less than 135 mmol/L, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infections, indwelling catheters, planned pregnancies, surgical histories involving the prostate gland or urethra, and patients taking drugs known or suspected to interact with desmopressin, including diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, indomethacin, and carbamazepine. This trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB 06-2012-19) approved the study. The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT01576900. All patients provided written informed consent.

    Study Design

    This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized parallel study that involved 8 centers. Using random number tables, patients were randomized 1:1 to receive 0.1 mg or 0.2 mg of desmopressin monotherapy or a combination of desmopressin therapy and the SBMP. In a previous study [ 8], the response within each treatment group was normally distributed with a standard deviation of 0.96. We used the value from this study because there were no previously published studies available that had investigated differences between the SBMP and placebo-based behavioral therapy in patients with NPU with respect to nocturnal voids. The true difference in the nocturnal voids was 0.44 [ 8]. The probability of a type I error associated with testing this null hypothesis was 0.05, and we needed to study 74 subjects in each group to be able to reject the null hypothesis that the mean number of nocturnal voids within the desmopressin monotherapy and the combined therapy groups was equal to a probability of 0.8. The rate of patients lost to follow up was estimated at 25%. The final sample size was determined to be 100 cases in each group.
    The patients were advised to take desmopressin 1 hour before bedtime and to empty their bladders before they went to bed every night. Patients were told to avoid drinking more than 200 mL of water or other fluids. Any diuretics or caffeinated soft drinks were also prohibited in the evening. When a patient was assigned to the combination therapy group, desmopressin was prescribed and 1 SBMP was performed. The desmopressin was supplied by Ferring Pharmaceuticals (Saint-Prex, Switzerland).
    The patients visited the outpatient clinic for their initial screening assessments on week 1. The basic screening tests included assessing the patients' current illnesses, taking their medical histories, measuring their blood pressures, digital rectal examinations for men, and laboratory tests that included prostate-specific antigen levels and prostate ultrasonography for men, electrolyte chemistry, urinalysis with microscopy, urine culture, human chorionic gonadotropin levels in the urine for women, and uroflowmetry with postvoid urine volumes. Three-day frequency-volume charts recorded 24-hour fluid intakes and urine production, the times and volumes of the voids, bedtimes, and the times at which the patients rose. On week 3, the second visit to the outpatient clinic occurred, which involved patient randomization and the prescription of desmopressin and SBMP education.

    Dose Titration

    All patients initially received 0.2-mg desmopressin. Serum sodium levels were checked before the patients were randomized and at every visit to the clinic. The desmopressin dose was reduced from 0.2 to 0.1 mg if sodium levels declined to less than 135 mmol/L, or if the enrolled patients experienced intolerable adverse events (AEs). Desmopressin medication was stopped if the serum sodium level declined to less than 130 mmol/L, or if the patients refused to take the medication.

    Behavioral Therapy

    Patients within the desmopressin monotherapy group were given brief explanations about the importance of fluid restriction after dinner during their appointments in the outpatient department. Patients within the combination therapy group underwent the SBMP that comprised a 30-minute education program [ 7]. During the education program, patients watched videos that explained the normal physiology underlying the process of urine formation and urination, and we explained the necessity of the behavioral modification program. We advised that 1,500 mL was the appropriate urine output volume, and that consuming caffeinated beverages or fluid-containing foods after dinner was prohibited. We provided specific guidance in relation to behavioral patterns. We emphasized the importance of sleep hygiene. Finally, we checked the patients' bladder diaries and gave feedback on these to improve the efficacy of the SBMP.

    Study Endpoints

    The primary endpoints were a change in the mean number of nocturnal voids and the proportion of 50% responders during the 3-month treatment period. A 50% responder was defined as a patient who experienced a decline of at least 50% in the mean number of nocturnal voids from baseline to the time of the final visit to the outpatient clinic. The secondary endpoints were changes in the bladder diary parameters, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Nocturia (ICIQ-N) scores, and nocturia quality-of-life (N-QoL) questionnaire scores, and improvements in self-perception for nocturia.
    Patients completed the ICIQ-N and the N-QoL questionnaire. Serum sodium levels were checked within 1 week of desmopressin being prescribed. The third and fourth visits to the outpatient clinic occurred after 1 and 3 months of treatment, respectively, following randomization. The patients completed 3-day frequency-volume charts, the ICIQ-N, the N-QoL questionnaire, the patient perception of bladder condition (PPBC) questionnaire, and the global response assessment (GRA). The ICIQ were linguistically validated by bilingual translators and were approved for clinical use by the International Consultation on Incontinence Modular Questionnaire Advisory Board ( http://www.iciq.net/index.html). A high level of overall linguistic validity has been demonstrated in a previous investigation in association with the N-QoL and the PPBC questionnaires [ 9].
    The variables associated with the frequency-volume chart were the nocturnal urine volumes (NUV), maximal bladder capacity (MBC), nocturia index, actual number of nightly voids, nocturnal polyuria index (NPI), and the nocturnal bladder capacity index (NBCI).

    Safety and Tolerability

    Safety assessments were performed before the medication was prescribed and at the end of treatment, and they included the vital signs, physical examinations, body weights, and measurements of serum sodium levels. In the absence of any AE, patients were assigned to receive 0.2-mg desmopressin. If the patients experienced any clinically significant AE, such as voiding difficulties, peripheral edema, or sodium levels that were lower than 135 mmol/L, the desmopressin dose was reduced to 0.1 mg or discontinued. All AEs were recorded at every clinic visit.

    Statistical Analysis

    Descriptive data, including the patients' characteristics, are presented. The treatment groups were compared in relation to the laboratory results and the clinical parameters using a stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test that controlled for age. A paired t-test was performed to determine whether any differences arose as a consequence of adding the SBMP to the management of patients who were being prescribed desmopressin. A P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS ver. 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

    RESULTS

    Patient Characteristics

    In total, 200 patients (141 males and 59 females) were screened to participate in the study at 8 centers. The mean (±standard deviation) age of the patients was 66.8 (±8.5) years. A total of 76 patients were excluded from the study, because they fulfilled one or more of the exclusion criteria. As shown in Fig. 1, 124 patients entered the randomization and the dose-titration phases of the study, and they received at least 1 dose of desmopressin medication. Sixty-eight (54.8%) and 56 patients (45.2%) were randomized to receive either desmopressin monotherapy (group A) or combined therapy with desmopressin and the SBMP (group B), respectively. Seven patients in the desmopressin monotherapy group and none of the patients in the combined therapy group stopped the medication during the study period. The patients' characteristics were similar in both study groups ( Table 1), and the study completion rate was 89.7% for group A and 100% for group B (P=0.016). A significantly larger MBC was evident in the desmopressin monotherapy group compared with the combination therapy group.

    Primary Endpoints

    Nocturia improved significantly in both treatment groups. Nocturnal voids significantly declined from baseline to the end of the study (-1.32±1.39, P<0.001). The combination therapy group showed a greater decline in the number of nocturnal voids compared with the desmopressin monotherapy group, and the proportion of patients with a 50% reduction in the mean number of nocturnal voids was higher in the combination therapy group than in the desmopressin monotherapy group ( Table 2). However, no statistically significant differences were evident between the treatment groups in relation to the number of nocturnal voids or the clinical response rates. There were no differences between the sexes with respect to the number of nocturnal voids or the clinical response rates.

    Secondary Endpoints

    Changes in the N-QoL questionnaire scores showed that the scores associated with 'a change of productivity the next day' (question 4) and 'concern of disturbing others in the house' (question 8) were more significantly affected in the combination therapy group compared with the desmopressin monotherapy group. Self-perceived improvements were demonstrated in the PPBC and GRA scores; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the treatment groups with respect to the PPBC and GRA scores. The bladder diary parameters showed that only the NPI showed a significant difference between the treatment groups. When we analyzed the changes in each bladder diary parameter from the beginning of the study to the final visit to the outpatient clinic at the end of the study, a significant difference was observed between the desmopressin monotherapy group and the combination therapy group in relation to the change in the MBC (-41.3±96.3 mL vs. 13.3±37.9 mL; P<0.001). None of these results showed any differences according to sex.
    The SBMP increased the study completion rate in patients with nocturia. The rate of patients lost to follow up was 10.3% (7/68) and 0% (0/56) in the desmopressin monotherapy group and the combination therapy group, respectively (P=0.016).

    Adverse Events

    A total of 11 patients (8.9%) showed AE, and none of the patients in either study group showed significant AE. There were 2 cases of dizziness and 1 case of facial flushes in the desmopressin monotherapy group. Each group contained 1 case of peripheral edema and 1 case of voiding difficulties that were not clinically significant. Hyponatremia occurred in 1 case in the desmopressin monotherapy group and in 3 cases in the combination therapy group. Reducing the dose of desmopressin to 0.1 mg improved hyponatremia in all cases.

    DISCUSSION

    Although behavioral therapy has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients with NPU [ 7], a standardized treatment protocol has not yet been widely accepted because nocturia is associated with many factors, including NPU, detrusor overactivity, excessive fluid intakes, evening alcohol or caffeine consumption, inappropriate sleep hygiene, and shortages of daily exercise [ 2, 3, 4]. Nocturia is one of several storage symptoms and it is usually associated with an overactive bladder. Although behavioral modification therapy and medication are initial treatment options for patients with overactive bladders [ 5, 10], behavioral modification therapy has not been widely used in routine clinical practice in patients with nocturia. While both desmopressin and behavioral therapy are effective in patients with NPU [ 7, 11, 12], there is little evidence that demonstrates the efficacy of a combination of these treatments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation to show the efficacy of a combination of desmopressin and SBMP therapy, and to compare the efficacy of desmopressin and the SBMP in combination with desmopressin monotherapy in patients with NPU.
    Although the authors performed the SBMP rigorously on the patients, there was no statistically significant difference between the treatment groups with respect to a decline in the number of nocturnal voids, which could be associated with several factors. First, the authors have previously demonstrated the efficacy of the SBMP after reinforcement SBMP education, if the latter was required [ 5]. However, the SBMP was only performed once in the present study. Second, combination therapy with the SBMP may become less effective when primary treatment with desmopressin is very effective in the treatment of NPU. This suggests that clinicians should be aware of the necessity for repetitive SBMP education for patients with NPU, and that they should consider the patients' baseline characteristics, the severity of the NPU, and drug persistence.
    However, desmopressin treatment in combination with the SBMP was more beneficial than desmopressin monotherapy in the management of patients with NPU. The analysis of the N-QoL questionnaires showed that changes in the scores for 'productivity the next day' (question 4) and 'concern of disturbing others in the house' (question 8) were more significant in the combination therapy group than in the desmopressin monotherapy group. Additionally, the rate of patients lost to follow up was 10.3% (7/68) in the desmopressin monotherapy group and it was 0% (0/56) in the combination therapy group, which means that the SBMP increased the study completion rate and/or the persistence of desmopressin in patients with nocturia. These results imply that the SBMP significantly affected the daily lives of the patients with NPU and that the patients started to take an active interest in their oral intakes and urine production.
    The analysis of the bladder diary parameters suggested that the results from the present study were attributable to increases in the MBC and decreases in the NPI. The baseline MBC was higher in the desmopressin monotherapy group than in the combination therapy group. While there was no difference between the groups with respect to the MBC at the final outpatient visits, the study findings demonstrated differences in the MBC between the first and the last outpatient clinic visits, which would mean the comparative results of increase or decrease in the MBC between the groups. A previous study investigated the efficacy and safety of desmopressin in patients with mixed nocturia [ 12] and it showed reductions in the mean number of nocturnal voids, NUV, NPI, and NBCI. The authors of this study also explained that the effect of desmopressin on patients with mixed nocturia was mainly attributable to improvements in the MBC. This suggests that behavioral therapy and the resultant decrease in the number of nocturnal voids increases the efficiency of bladder emptying during sleep.
    There are several limitations to the present study that are described next. First, the number of patients who failed the screening assessments was high (38%; 76/200 patients). Second, the mean number of nocturnal voids was low, which means that the additional effect of the SBMP would have been greater in patients with severe nocturia. Third, we did not perform a urodynamic study to differentiate the mixed type of NPU with detrusor overactivity [ 10]. Fourth, the starting dose of desmopressin was 0.2 mg in the present study, which might help to explain why combining desmopressin treatment with the SBMP did not show any significant additional beneficial effects. However, the authors thought that it was better to choose a conservative methodology to determine whether SBMP treatment combined with desmopressin therapy had a beneficial effect on patients compared with desmopressin monotherapy. Fifth, our previous investigation showed that education with 1 SBMP was sufficient for 78.5% of patients and that reinforcement education with SBMP was helpful for an additional 7.6% of patients with nocturia [ 7]. Reinforcement SBMP might have shown a significant beneficial effect in the group that received combination therapy compared with the group that received desmopressin therapy alone; however, we considered that the satisfaction rate from 1 SBMP was not low, and that we needed to simplify the study design to determine the effect of desmopressin and SBMP therapy in combination compared with desmopressin administered alone.
    In conclusion, desmopressin monotherapy and the combination of desmopressin with the SBMP reduced the number of nocturnal voids. Combination therapy did not have any additional benefits in relation to reducing the number of nocturnal voids in patients with NPU. However, combined desmopressin and SBMP therapy was associated with an increase in the MBC and a decrease in the NPI when it was administered to patients with NPU. Furthermore, combination therapy increased the study completion rate and the persistence of desmopressin in patients with NPU.
    Ferring Pharmaceuticals

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    The authors acknowledge the contribution of Sohee Oh, PhD (Department of Medical Statistics, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center) to the interpretation of the statistical analyses.

    NOTES

    This study was supported by Ferring Pharmaceuticals research fund.
    This trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and this study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University (IRB 06-2012-19). The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier is NCT01576900. All patients provided written informed consent.
    No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

    REFERENCES

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    5. Bartley JM, Blum ES, Sirls LT, Peters KM. Understanding clinic options for overactive bladder. Curr Urol Rep 2013;14:541-548. PMID: 23812967.
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    7. Cho SY, Lee SL, Kim IS, Koo DH, Kim HJ, Oh SJ. Short-term effects of systematized behavioral modification program for nocturia: a prospective study. Neurourol Urodyn 2012;31:64-68. PMID: 21826726.
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    8. van Kerrebroeck P, Rezapour M, Cortesse A, Thuroff J, Riis A, Norgaard JP. Desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Urol 2007;52:221-229. PMID: 17280773.
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    9. McKown S, Abraham L, Coyne K, Gawlicki M, Piault E, Vats V. Linguistic validation of the N-QOL (ICIQ), OAB-q (ICIQ), PPBC, OAB-S and ICIQ-MLUTSsex questionnaires in 16 languages. Int J Clin Pract 2010;64:1643-1652. PMID: 20722767.
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    12. Lee HW, Choo MS, Lee JG, Park CH, Paick JS, Lee JZ, et al. Desmopressin is an effective treatment for mixed nocturia with nocturnal polyuria and decreased nocturnal bladder capacity. J Korean Med Sci 2010;25:1792-1797. PMID: 21165296.
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    Fig. 1
    Study design and disposition of patients. ICIQ-N, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Nocturia; N-QoL, nocturia quality of life; SBMP, systematized behavioral modification program; PPBC, patient perception of bladder condition; ITT, intention-to-treat; GRA, global response assessment.
    inj-18-213-g001.jpg
    Table 1.
    Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
    Variable ITT population
    P-value
    Desmopressin (n = 68) Combination (n = 56)
    Male 51 (75.0) 44 (78.6) 0.675
    Age (yr) 67.0 ± 8.2 (39.0–81.0) 66.5 ± 8.9 (41.0–85.0) 0.738
    Height (cm) 165.4 ± 7.9 (148.0–180.0) 164.3 ± 8.1 (143.0–183.0) 0.478
    Body weight (kg) 65.8 ± 70.5 (37.0–93.0) 65.3 ± 9.7 (42.2–94.0) 0.790
    Blood pressure_systolic (mm Hg) 124.3 ± 11.0 (95.0–150.0) 122.9 ± 10.2 (91.0–149.0) 0.454
    Blood pressure_diastolic (mm Hg) 75.5 ± 7.8 (51.0–92.0) 77.7 ± 7.9 (54.0–97.0) 0.113
    Comorbidity
     Hypertension 29 (42.6) 22 (39.3) 0.718
     Diabetes mellitus 15 (22.1) 11 (19.6) 0.826
    Uroflowmetric parameters
     Maximal urine flow (mL/sec) 14.7 ± 7.4 (5.3–39.7) 14.1 ± 8.2 (5.1–45.1) 0.678
     Voided urine volume (mL) 188.5 ± 113.2 (47.7–582.0) 168.1 ± 88.3 (36.0–377.6) 0.331
     Postvoid residual urine (mL) 14.3 ± 19.5 (0–89.0) 13.7 ± 22.3 (0–99.0) 0.889
    N-QoL questionnaires
     Total 44.4 ± 8.1 (21.0–60.0) 41.5 ± 9.0 (23.0–61.0) 0.062
     Subscores (sleep/energy) 22.1 ± 5.3 (6–30) 20.5 ± 6.2 (6.0–40.0) 0.141
     Subscores (bother/concern) 21.8 ± 5.0 (11.0–34.0) 20.3 ± 5.5 (11.0–33.0) 0.112
    Voiding diary parameters
     24-Hour total urine volume (mL) 1,922.6 ± 901.0 (870–6,450) 1,888.4 ± 976.0 (567–6,510) 0.841
     Nocturnal urine volume (mL) 856.8 ± 500.4 (345–3,570) 831.9 ± 404.6 (200–2,850) 0.767
     Total number of nightly voids 2.5 ± 1.1 (5–21) 2.8 ± 1.2 (6–80) 0.141
     Maximal bladder capacity (mL) 360.3 ± 105.2 (130–550) 319.7 ± 105.1 (100–550) 0.036*
     Nocturia index 2.4 ± 0.9 (0.7–6.6) 3.0 ± 2.7 (1.3–20.0) 0.072
     Nocturnal polyuria index 0.4 ± 0.1 (0.2–0.7) 1.3 ± 5.4 (0.1–40.0) 0.242
     Nocturnal bladder capacity index 0.8 ± 0.8 (0–3.7) 0.7 ± 0.7 (0–3.0) 0.429

    Values are presented as number (%) or mean±standard deviation (range).

    ITT, intention-to-treat; N-QoL, nocturia quality of life.

    * P<0.05, statistically significant.

    Table 2.
    Responses to desmopressin and combination treatments
    Variable ITT population
    P-value
    Desmopressin (n = 68) Combination (n = 56)
    Primary endpoints
     Nocturnal voids –1.18 ± 1.37 (–3.0 to 1.0) –1.48 ± 1.41 (–5 to 1) 0.227
    Change in N-QoL questionnaires scores
     1. Difficult to concentrate the next day 0.89 ± 1.29 (–3 to 4) 0.69 ± 1.17 (–3 to 4) 0.354
     2. Feel low in energy the next day 0.80 ± 1.19 (–2 to 4) 0.69 ± 1.13 (–3 to 4) 0.592
     3. Nap during the day 0.64 ± 1.07 (–2 to 3) 0.45 ± 1.16 (–2 to 3) 0.337
     4. Less productive the next day 1.00 ± 1.32 (–3 to 3) 0.46 ± 1.05 (–2 to 4) 0.014*
     5. Participate less in activities I enjoy 0.57 ± 1.36 (–3 to 2) 0.36 ± 0.95 (–3 to 4) 0.325
     6. Careful about when or how much I drink 0.20 ± 1.52 (–2 to 3) 0.31 ± 1.12 (–4 to 4) 0.624
     7. Difficult to get enough sleep at night 1.45 ± 2.41 (–2 to 4) 1.32 ± 1.48 (–13 to 4) 0.720
     8. Disturbing others in the house 1.30 ± 1.55 (–4 to 4) 0.45 ± 1.42 (–2 to 4) 0.002*
     9. Preoccupied about having to get up 1.34 ± 1.50 (–1 to 4) 1.21 ± 1.39 (–2 to 4) 0.617
     10. Worried that this condition will get worse 1.39 ± 1.46 (–2 to 4) 1.36 ± 1.41 (–1 to 4) 0.894
     11. Worry about no effective treatment 1.11 ± 1.64 (–3 to 4) 1.15 ± 1.57 (–3 to 4) 0.885
     12. How bothersome has getting up at night –1.51 ± 1.48 (–5 to 2) –1.61 ± 1.42 (–4 to 2) 0.714
     13. Rating my quality of life to be –0.42 ± 0.94 (–3 to 2) –0.47 ± 0.95 (–4 to 1) 0.765
    Patient perception of bladder condition 2.5 ± 0.6 (1–3) 2.4 ± 0.7 (1–3) 0.291
    Global response assessment 5.8 ± 1.3 (2–7) 6.0 ± 1.0 (4–7) 0.447
    Voiding diary parameters
     24-Hour total urine volume (mL) 1,587.0 ± 1,025.9 (418–3,810) 1,444.2 ± 460.0 (755–2,550) 0.352
     Nocturnal urine volume (mL) 483.7 ± 301.3 (70–1,430) 423.8 ± 244.8 (150–1,173) 0.251
     Total number of nightly voids 1.3 ± 1.0 (4–14) 1.3 ± 1.1 (5–15) 0.991
     Maximal bladder capacity (mL) 317.4 ± 106.1 (120–550) 331.8 ± 98.6 (90–550) 0.461
     Differences in maximal bladder capacity (mL) –41.3 ± 96.3 (–380 to 250) 13.3 ± 37.9 (–60 to 150) < 0.001
     Nocturia index 1.54 ± 0.87 (0.33–5.20) 1.54 ± 1.01 (0.41–6.13) 0.985
     Nocturnal polyuria index 0.37 ± 0.27 (0.08–1.45) 0.29 ± 0.13 (0.11–0.68) 0.028*
     Nocturnal bladder capacity index 0.48 ± 0.63 (–1.00 to 2.00) 0.52 ± 0.76 (–1.00 to 2.33) 0.746

    Values are presented mean±standard deviation (range).

    ITT, intention-to-treat; N-QoL, nocturia quality of life.

    * P<0.05, statistically significant.

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    Official Journal of Korean Continence Society & ESSIC (International Society for the Study of BPS) & Korean Society of Urological Research & The Korean Children’s Continence and Enuresis Society & The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation & Korean Society of Geriatric Urological Care
    Editorial Office
    Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
    29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Korea
    Tel: +82-2-2001-2237     Fax: +82-2-2001-2247    E-mail: choys1011@naver.com

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