First, the animal experiments reported the following results. Cho et al. [1] found that treadmill exercise suppressed estrogen deficiency-induced apoptosis and the atrophy signaling pathway in rat skeletal muscle. Treadmill exercise also increased hypertrophy signaling in the skeletal muscles of rats. Kim et al. [2] showed the effects of resistance exercise on Parkinson disease in mice. Resistance exercise improved spatial learning ability by enhancing brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression through phosphorylation of 5’-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase in Parkinson disease mice. Park et al. [3] suggested that maternal swimming exercise during pregnancy improved memory function by enhancing neurogenesis and suppressing apoptosis in autistic mice. This effect of swimming exercise appeared through activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in valproic acid–injected pups. Lee et al. [4] discussed the effect of preischemic treadmill running on memory impairment in a rat model of chronic hypoperfusion. They concluded that preischemic treadmill exercise improved bilateral common carotid artery occlusion-induced spatial learning memory impairment. Preischemic treadmill exercise also ameliorated damage to the microvasculature and pericytes in the blood-brain barrier. Park et al. [5] demonstrated that poloxamer-407 injection induced hyperlipidemia and impaired short-term memory. Treadmill running improved short-term memory deficits in rats with poloxamer-407-induced hyperlipidemia by inhibiting neuroinflammation.

The clinical trial papers reported the following results. Ha and Sung [6] concluded that the Vojta approach is an intervention method that elicits a systemic motor response by stimulating a specific reflex zone in a specific starting position. The Vojta approach acted as an effective intervention method for improving neck stability and static balance in children with hypotonia. Lee and Jee [7] suggested that resistance training enhanced desirable changes in the adaptive immune cell response of ovarian cancer survivors by developing strength and endurance and maintaining skeletal muscle mass.

Exercise effectively prevents muscle atrophy by enlarging muscles, improves memory by increasing neurogenesis, and ameliorates degenerative disease symptoms by inhibiting apoptosis. We have collected only a few of the many therapeutic effects of exercise for intractable diseases. The research presented in this special issue on the positive effects of exercise on intractable diseases will provide an opportunity to discover new treatments for intractable urological diseases and the mechanisms through which urological disorders occur. On behalf of the editorial board, I am grateful to the authors for contributing their valuable articles to this issue.