INJ Search

CLOSE


Int Neurourol J > Volume 18(4); 2014 > Article
Strupp, Feil, Bardins, and Waidelich: 4-Aminopyridine Improves Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in a Patient With Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Downbeat Nystagmus Syndrome

ABSTRACT

Aminopyridines are potassium channel blockers that increase the excitability of nerve cells and axons; therefore, they are widely used to treat different neurological disorders. Here we present a patient with idiopathic downbeat nystagmus and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia who was treated with the sustained-release form of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). During treatment with 4-AP, the LUTS improved. This improvement was monitored by using uroflowmetry and the International Prostate Symptom Score. A significant improvement of symptoms was observed in relation to the voided volume. This included an improved emptying of the bladder without an increase in residual urine. In animal studies, both nonselective K+ channel blockade and selective voltage-sensitive potassium blockade by 4-AP resulted in increased contraction on rat detrusor strips. To our knowledge, this is the first clinical observation of the mode of action of 4-AP in urological symptoms in humans.

left
    right

    Aminopyridines, as potassium channel blockers, have been used to treat different neurological disorders, such as downbeat nystagmus (DBN), episodic ataxia type 2, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, gait disorders in multiple sclerosis, and cerebellar gait (EA2) ataxia [1,2,3]. Their mode of action is an increase in the excitability of nerve cells and axons [4,5].
    Here we present a patient, who was treated for idiopathic DBN with the sustained-release form of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP or Fampridine), which significantly improved the DBN. The patient was also suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). During treatment with Fampridine, he realized that urine flow had significantly improved. Having reported this effect several times after periods of starting and stopping the medication, he was carefully examined with and without the presence of 4-AP.

    CASE REPORT

    A 71-year-old gastroenterologist presented with vertical oscillopsia and blurred vision. The symptoms had started about one year prior to our examination and were progressive. Neurological examination revealed DBN syndrome. Family history was unremarkable and without evidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed minor supratentorial microangiopathic lesions and no cerebellar atrophy or infratentorial lesions. After giving written consent, the patient was treated with Fampridine, the sustained-release form of 4-AP 10 mg, orally twice a day. Eye movements were measured with threedimensional videooculography. Before treatment, linear vertical nystagmus with a slow upward phase velocity (SPV±standard deviation) during fixation straight ahead of 5.5±1.0 deg/sec was documented (Fig. 1A). One hundred and eighty minutes after the first dose of 10 mg of Fampridine the patient had an SPV of 0.5±1.0 deg/sec. After a treatment period of two weeks with Fampridine 10 mg twice daily SPV was 1.1±1.0 deg/sec (Fig. 1B). The patient also subjectively responded very well to this treatment.
    The patient had been suffering from LUTS due to BPH (prostate volume, 90 mL) for 10 years. He complained of frequency, urgency, nocturia, hesitancy, and poor flow. During treatment with 4-AP, the LUTS improved considerably. The patient reported a much better flow, no frequency or urgency, and a perceptible improvement of nocturia. This subjective improvement was also observed in uroflowmetry. After Fampridine was stopped for a week, the LUTS worsened again. Marked frequency (voiding in the daytime, 7-8 times), nocturia (1-2 times per night), and urgency were reported by the patient. Uroflowmetry (Fig. 1A) showed a low voided volume of only 58 mL, and residual urine was 80 mL. To monitor the LUTS, we used 'The American Urological Association Symptom Index' for benign prostatic hyperplasia (Internatioal Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS]) [6]. The patient's IPSS was 11 (Fig. 2A). On treatment with 4-AP, the LUTS improved considerably. Voiding was reduced to four times during daytime, and nocturia only occurred once or twice a week. Uroflowmetry (Fig. 1B) showed an increased voided volume of 387 mL, and residual urine decreased to 65 mL. After Fampridine was stopped, LUTS reappeared. After two weeks without medication, the patient complained of frequency (voiding during daytime, 8 times) and nocturia (once or twice a night). The IPSS score rose to 15 (Fig. 2B). The patient has now been on medication for two years and still benefits with regard to the DBN and the LUTS. He no longer complains of frequency and nocturia. Voided volume (552 mL) and residual urine (80 mL) have remained stable (Fig. 1C). The IPSS has declined to 4 (Fig. 2C). Analysis of the trend of IPSS scores by storage (questionnaire questions 2, 4, and 7) and voiding symptoms (questions 1, 3, 5, and 6) shows that the irritative symptom score decreased to 50% while the voiding symptom score decreased to 25%.

    DISCUSSION

    Aminopyridines are nonselective blockers of the Kv family of voltage-gated potassium channels [2]. They act by blocking these channels to improve action potential conduction and neurotransmitter release, for example in exposed demyelinated axons and/or at presynaptic membranes. Animal studies have showed that 4-AP is able to increase excitability of Purkinje cells (PC) and also, in a therapeutic dosage, to restore the diminished precision of pace-making in PC in an animal model of episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), the tottering mouse [4,5]. What are the possible modes of action of 4-AP that could explain the improvement in the contraction of the detrusor muscle described above in this patient with BPH? First, in animal studies the effects of different potassium channel blockers (e.g., 4-AP, glibenclamide, iberiotoxin, charybdotoxin, and apamin) on the urothelium and the detrusor smooth muscle that regulates bladder function, were investigated [7]. Both nonselective K+ channel blockade and selective voltage-sensitive potassium blockade by 4-AP resulted in increased contraction on rat detrusor strips [8]. Therefore, a direct effect is possible through a blockade of muscular potassium channels, leading to an increased excitability of the detrusor muscle by which urinary flow rate can increase and residual volume decrease. Second, the detrusor muscle is innervated by autonomic parasympathetic nerves via acetylcholine [9]. Aminopyridines are known to increase the release of different neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin; all closely related to the autonomic nervous system [10]. Furthermore, in animal models, the increasing effect of 4-AP on sympathetic preganglionic neurons was shown to be possibly due to an increase in transmitter release by the presynaptic terminal [11]. It is assumed that aminopyridines can increase the excitability of both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous systems. Although these mechanisms cannot explain the observed effects on the improvement of storage symptoms (frequency, urgency, and nocturia), they may be indirect effects due to decreased residual urine volume. Therefore, the increased activity of these nerves during voiding can also improve bladder function. It has also been reported that neurogenic bladder secondary to Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome-caused by autoantibodies against the P/Q-calcium channel and thereby reduced neurotransmission-responds to treatment with 3,4-diaminopyridine [1].
    However, this reported effect could only be observed in uroflowmetry because the patient did not agree to more invasive procedures, such as urodynamics. Through uroflowmetry observation we have documented a significant improvement of the symptoms in relation to the voided volume and IPSS score, and at the same time, the patient's residual urine did not increase. In summary, this drug shows a better emptying of the bladder without residual urine, in contrast to other drugs that are usually used in LUTS. Finally, the clinical effect in this patient was convincing and has persisted now for over two years. This effect should be evaluated in more affected subjects. Further, the mode of action should be examined in animal models of BPH.
    German Ministry of Education and Research01EO0901

    ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

    We thank Katie Ogston for copy-editing the manuscript. We thank E. Zemanek, MD from Augsburg for participating in this observation.

    NOTES

    This study was supported by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Grant No. 01EO0901 to the German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders (IFBLMU).
    M. Strupp is the Joint Chief Editor of the Journal of Neurology, Editor in Chief of Frontiers of Neuro-otology, and Section Editor of F1000. He has received speaker's honoraria from Abbott, UCB, GSK, TEVA, Biogen Idec, Pierre-Fabre, and Hennig Pharma. Except for that, No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

    REFERENCES

    1. Sanders DB, Massey JM, Sanders LL, Edwards LJ. A randomized trial of 3,4-diaminopyridine in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Neurology 2000;54:603-607. PMID: 10680790.
    crossref pmid
    2. Sedehizadeh S, Keogh M, Maddison P. The use of aminopyridines in neurological disorders. Clin Neuropharmacol 2012;35:191-200. PMID: 22805230.
    crossref pmid
    3. Strupp M, Kalla R, Glasauer S, Wagner J, Hufner K, Jahn K, et al. Aminopyridines for the treatment of cerebellar and ocular motor disorders. Prog Brain Res 2008;171:535-541. PMID: 18718350.
    crossref pmid
    4. Alviña K, Khodakhah K. The therapeutic mode of action of 4-aminopyridine in cerebellar ataxia. J Neurosci 2010;30:7258-7268. PMID: 20505092.
    crossref pmid pmc
    5. Etzion Y, Grossman Y. Highly 4-aminopyridine sensitive delayed rectifier current modulates the excitability of guinea pig cerebellar Purkinje cells. Exp Brain Res 2001;139:419-425. PMID: 11534865.
    crossref pmid
    6. Diener HC, Dichgans J, Bacher M, Guschlbauer B. Characteristic alterations of long-loop "reflexes" in patients with Friedreich's disease and late atrophy of the cerebellar anterior lobe. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:679-685. PMID: 6747644.
    crossref pmid pmc
    7. Hidayat Santoso AG, Liang W. Bladder contractility is mediated by different K+ channels in the urothelium and detrusor smooth muscle. J Pharmacol Sci 2011;115:127-134. PMID: 21258177.
    crossref pmid
    8. Ning Lo W, Liang W. Blockade of voltage-sensitive K+ channels increases contractility more in transverse than in longitudinal rat detrusor strips. Urology 2009;73:400-404. PMID: 18952265.
    crossref pmid
    9. Satoh K, Motomura M, Suzu H, Nakao Y, Fujimoto T, Fukuda T, et al. Neurogenic bladder in Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome and its response to 3,4-diaminopyridine. J Neurol Sci 2001;183:1-4. PMID: 11166786.
    crossref pmid
    10. Grijalva I, Guizar-Sahagun G, Rodriguez-Pacheco D, Francisco-Arguelles C, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Palma-Aguirre JA. Gastric emptying effect by 4-aminopyridine in patients with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Med Res 2007;38:392-397. PMID: 17416285.
    crossref pmid
    11. Laskey W, Schondorf R, Polosa C. Effects of 4-aminopyridine on sympathetic preganglionic neuron activity. J Auton Nerv Syst 1984;11:201-206. PMID: 6491160.
    crossref pmid
    Fig. 1
    (A) Uroflowmetry (left) and videooculography (right) in the primary position without medication; (B) uroflowmetry and videooculography after two weeks of treatment with the sustained-release form of 4-aminopyridine (Fampridine); (C) uroflowmetry and videooculography after long-term treatment with Fampridine. Uroflowmetry shows the improved emptying of the bladder and an increase in voided volume. Videooculography comprises original recordings of vertical eye movements of the patient in the primary position. Values given are mean slow upward phase velocity (SPV) in deg/sec. It shows the downbeat nystagmus decreasing in terms of mean SPV.
    inj-18-221-g001.jpg
    Fig. 2
    The American Urological Association Symptom Index for benign prostatic hyperplasia (International Prostate Symptom Score score) of the patient before medication (A), after two weeks without Fampridine treatment (B), and after long-term treatment with Fampridine (C).
    inj-18-221-g002.jpg
    TOOLS
    Share :
    Facebook Twitter Linked In Google+
    METRICS Graph View
    • 7 Web of Science
    • 6 Crossref
    • 7 Scopus
    • 7,635 View
    • 45 Download
    We recommend


    ARTICLE & ORGAN
    Article Category

    Browse all articles >

    Organ

    Browse all articles >

    ISSUES
    DISEASES & TOPICS
    Diseases

    Browse all articles >

    Topics

    Browse all articles >

    AUTHOR
    INFORMATION

    Official Journal of Korean Continence Society & ESSIC (International Society for the Study of BPS) & Korean Society of Urological Research & The Korean Children’s Continence and Enuresis Society & The Korean Association of Urogenital Tract Infection and Inflammation & Korean Society of Geriatric Urological Care
    Editorial Office
    Department of Urology, Kangbuk Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine,
    29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Korea
    Tel: +82-2-2001-2237     Fax: +82-2-2001-2247    E-mail: support@einj.org

    Copyright © 2024 by Korean Continence Society.

    Developed in M2PI

    Close layer
    prev next