This issue includes articles covering how detrusor overactivity (DO) in rats is associated with increased levels of the transmitter adenosine triphosphate, a mediator linked with induction of DO [1]; a study on the negative impact of aging on the distribution of bladder afferent nerves which can result in changes in the bladder sensory-web leading to increased lower urinary tract symptoms in older adults [2]; an examination of the pathophysiology of overactive bladder and pharmacologic treatments from a basic research perspective [3]; a review discussing the benefits of ketone bodies as an energy source to reduce the risks of metabolic syndrome (which impacts both cardiovascular and bladder functions) [4]; a study examining how synergistic responses of alpha-adrenergic and muscarinic receptor stimulation can lead to a supracontractile response in human hyperplastic prostate tissue which may be important in treating benign prostatic hyperplasia conditions [5]; and how application of the Sleep C.A.L.M. (Sleep disorders, Medical comorbidities, Actions, Lower urinary tract dysfunction, and Medications) system, which categorizes factors that may reflect most underlying causes of nocturia, is associated not only with increased odds of nocturia but also a means to organize the various etiologies for nocturia in community-dwelling adults [6]. We hope you enjoy the articles presented in this special issue.