Urinary Bladder Detrusor Dysfunction Symptoms in Lyme Disease
Article information
Abstract
Purpose
Symptoms of urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction have been rarely reported in Lyme disease. The aim was to carry out the first systematic study to compare the prevalence of such symptoms in a group of Lyme disease patients and a group of matched controls.
Methods
A questionnaire relating to detrusor function was administered to 17 serologically positive Lyme disease patients and to 18 control subjects.
Results
The two groups were matched in respect of age, sex, body mass, and mean arterial blood pressure. None of the 35 subjects was taking medication which might affect urinary function and none had undergone a previous operative procedure on the lower urinary tract. Six of the Lyme patients (35%) and none of the controls (0%) had symptoms of detrusor dysfunction (P<0.01).
Conclusions
This first systematic controlled study confirms that Lyme disease is associated with urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction. Further evaluation of detrusor function is warranted in this disease.
INTRODUCTION
Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is a systemic arthropod-borne zoonosis caused by Borrelia spirochaetes, the incidence of which has recently been increasing with the geographical spread of infected ticks. It is well established that the bacteria can invade the skin (causing erythema migrans), musculoskeletal system (giving rise to Lyme arthritis), cardiovascular system (causing Lyme carditis), and the nervous system (Lyme neuroborreliosis) [1].
There are rare reports that Lyme disease may also affect the urinary bladder. A study of chronic neurological manifestations of erythema migrans in 44 patients seen between 1985 and 1987 in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) reported that 11 of these patients (25%) suffered from 'bladder dysfunction'; no further details were given of the symptoms associated with this [2]. In 1990, Chancellor et al. [3] reported a case of Lyme disease presenting with urinary retention; the patient then went on to suffer lower extremity paralysis, and both the urinary retention and the paralysis responded to intravenous ceftriaxone therapy. Three years later, Chancellor et al. [4] described a series of seven patients with neuroborreliosis who also suffered from lower urinary tract dysfunction. Finally, last year Kim et al. [5] reported a case of neurogenic bladder in Lyme neuroborreliosis, which did not respond to intravenous ceftriaxone. These two case reports and two case series were not controlled.
The aim was to carry out the first systematic study to compare the prevalence of symptoms of urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction in a group of Lyme disease patients and a group of matched controls.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Subjects
This study was cross-sectional and carried out in the Breakspear neuroscience department. Serologically positive Lyme disease patients who were undergoing routine clinical investigations and normal controls were assessed with respect to medication, past medical history, body mass, and arterial blood pressure. Exclusion criteria included: taking medication which could affect urinary bladder function, such as diuretics, calcium channel blockers, alpha-adrenergic antagonists, antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, muscle relaxants, opioids and theophylline; a history of past operative procedures on the lower urinary tract, including sphincterotomy, transurethral resection of the prostate and urethropexy; and a history of spinal or pelvic operations which might affect bladder function.
Written informed consent was obtained and a Research Ethics Committee approved the study, which was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Assessment of Detrusor Dysfunction Symptoms
Detrusor function was assessed by asking all subjects the questions shown in Table 1. An affirmative answer to the first three questions or an answer to the fifth answer consistent with nocturia was taken as symptomatic of detrusor dysfunction.
Bladder control - detrusor function questions
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables for which data which did not differ significantly from normality and for which the two groups did not have significantly different variances were compared between the Lyme disease and control groups using independent samples t-tests (equal variances), while the discrete nominal variables were compared between groups using Fisher exact probability test. All tests were two-tailed. The software package IBM SPSS ver. 20.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) was used for the statistical analyses.
RESULTS
Seventeen serologically positive Lyme disease patients and 18 control subjects were studied. The mean age, sex ratio, mean body mass, and mean arterial blood pressure for each group are shown in Table 2, from which it can be seen that the two groups were matched in respect of all these parameters.
The mean age, sex ratio, mean body mass, and mean arterial blood pressure for each group
Six of the Lyme disease group (35%) had symptoms of detrusor dysfunction compared with none (0%) of the controls (Fisher exact probability test, P=0.008).
DISCUSSION
This first systematic controlled study confirms that Lyme disease is associated with urinary bladder detrusor dysfunction. That the prevalence in the present study was over a third indicates that it is important that urological complications of Lyme disease be checked for in patients with this infection.
Further urological studies in Lyme disease are warranted, including assessment of the prevalence of detrusor dysfunction in larger sample sizes and laboratory evaluation of urinary bladder function by urodynamic studies. Studies also need to be carried out to evaluate the response to antibiotic therapy.
Notes
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.